The Longman Writer [RENTAL EDITION]

Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I The Reading Process
	1 Becoming a Critical Reader and Thinker
		Reading, Annotating, and Critically Evaluating Texts
			Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection
			Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection
			Stage 3: Critically Evaluate the Selection
		Critically Assessing Visuals in a Reading
			Critically Assessing an Image: An Example
			Critically Assessing a Graph: An Example
		A Model Annotated Reading
		Larry Rosen
		Our Obsessive Relationship with Technology
Part II The Writing Process
	2 Getting Started Through Prewriting
		Use Prewriting to Get Started
			Keep a Journal
			The Pre-Reading Journal Entry
			Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment
			Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View
			Discover Your Essay’s Limited Subject
			Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject
			Conduct Research
		Organize the Raw Material into a Scratch Outline
		Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting
	3 Identifying a Thesis
		What Is a Thesis?
		Crafting a Thesis
			Creating an Effective Thesis
			Avoiding Thesis Pitfalls
			Arriving at an Effective Thesis
		Placing the Thesis in an Essay
		Activities: Identifying a Thesis
	4 Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
		What Is Evidence?
		How Do You Find Evidence?
			How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence
		Characteristics of Evidence
			The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified
			The Evidence Is Specific
			The Evidence Is Adequate
			The Evidence Is Dramatic
			The Evidence Is Accurate
			The Evidence Is Representative
			Borrowed Evidence Is Documented
		Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
	5 Organizing the Evidence
		Use the Patterns of Development
		Select an Organizational Approach
			Chronological Approach
			Spatial Approach
			Emphatic Approach
			Simple-to-Complex Approach
		Prepare an Outline
		Activities: Organizing the Evidence
	6 Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
		How to Move from Outline to First Draft
		If You Get Bogged Down
		A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft
			1. Write the Supporting Paragraphs
			2. Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay’s Body
			3. Write the Introduction
			4. Write the Conclusion
			5. Create the Title
		Pulling It All Together
		Sample First Draft
		Caylah Francis, “Kids and Video Games”
			Commentary
		Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
	7 Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
		Six Strategies to Make Revision Easier
			Set Your First Draft Aside for a While
			Work from Printed Text
			Read the Draft Aloud
			View Revision as a Series of Steps
			Evaluate and Respond to Instructor Feedback
			Peer Review: An Additional Revision Strategy
		Revising Overall Meaning and Structure
		Revising Paragraph Development
		Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
		Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
	8 Revising Sentences and Words
		Revising Sentences
			Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone
			Make Sentences Economical
			Vary Sentence Type
			Compound Sentences
			Complex Sentences
			Vary Sentence Length
			Make Sentences Emphatic
		Revising Words
			Make Words Consistent with Your Tone
			Use an Appropriate Level of Diction
			Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate
			Select Words with Appropriate Connotations
			Use Specific Rather Than General Words
			Use Strong Verbs
			Delete Unnecessary Adverbs
			Use Original Figures of Speech
			Avoid Sexist Language
		Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words
		Activities: Revising Sentences and Words
	9 Editing and Proofreading
		Edit Carefully
		Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format
		Proofread Closely
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading
		Caylah Francis, “Aggression, Addiction, Isolation, and More: The Dark Side of Video Game Play”
			Commentary
			Revising the First Draft
		Activities: Editing and Proofreading
Part III The Patterns
of Development
	10 Description
		What Is Description?
		How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience
			Objective and Subjective Description
			Tone and Language
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Writing a Description Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Leanna Stoufer, “enduring with dignity: Akua’s Surviving Children”
			Commentary
		Activities: Description
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Description
		Mario Suárez, “El hoyo”
		Cherokee Paul Mcdonald, “A View from the Bridge”
		Riverbend, “Bloggers Without Borders …”
		Additional Writing Topics: Description
	11 Narration
		What Is Narration?
		How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Laura Rose Dunn, “Letters from Dad”
			Commentary
		Activities: Narration
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Narration
		Audre Lorde, “The Fourth of July”
		Lynda Barry, “The Sanctuary of School”
		Joan Murray, “Someone’s Mother”
		Additional Writing Topics: Narration
	12 Illustration
		What Is Illustration?
		How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Charlene Adams, “Professors Open Up About the Benefits of a College Degree”
			Commentary
		Activities: Illustration
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Illustration
		Kay S. Hymowitz, “Tweens: Ten Going on Sixteen”
		Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Remarks to the United N ations Fourth World Conference on Women Plenary Session”
		Temple Grandin, “Seeing in Beautiful, Precise Pictures”
		Additional Writing Topics: Illustration
	13 Division-Classification
		What Is Division-Classification?
		How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Catherine Gispert, “The Benchers, the Nappers, the Jellyfish, and the Musicians”
			Commentary
		Activities: Division-Classification
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Division-Classification
		Amy Tan, “Mother Tongue”
		Bianca Bosker, “How Teens Are Really Using Facebook: It’s a ‘Social Burden,’ Pew Study Finds”
		William Zinsser, “College Pressures”
		Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification
	14 Process Analysis
		What Is Process Analysis?
		How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience
			Problem Solving
			Process Analysis Combined with Other Strategies
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Jared Mosley, “Don’t Write Poetry—Be a Poet”
			Commentary
		Activities: Process Analysis
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Process Analysis
		Amy Sutherland, “What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage”
		Alex Horton, “On Getting By”
		Caroline Rego, “The Fine Art of Complaining”
		Additional Writing Topics: Process
Analysis
	15 Comparison-Contrast
		What Is Comparison-Contrast?
		How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Blake Norman, “Buying a Cross-Country
Mountain Bike”
			Commentary
		Activities: Comparison-Contrast
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Comparison–Contrast
		Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, “A Mickey Mouse Approach to Globalization”
		Patricia Cohen, “Reality TV: Surprising
Throwback to the Past?”
		Alex Wright, “Friending, Ancient or Otherwise”
		Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast
	16 Cause-Effect
		What Is Cause-Effect?
		How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Erica Zwieg, “Party with a Purpose”
			Commentary
		Activities: Cause-Effect
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Cause-Effect
		Jane S. Shaw, “Nature in the Suburbs”
		Leila Ahmed, “Reinventing the Veil”
		Josie Appleton, “The Body Piercing Project”
		Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect
	17 Definition
		What Is Definition?
		How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Olivia Fletcher, “‘Tweet, Tweedle-lee-dee’
(118 Characters Left)”
			Commentary
		Activities: Definition
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Definition
		Jhumpa Lahiri, “My Two Lives”
		Laura Fraser, “The Inner Corset”
		Keith Johnson, “Who’s a Pirate? In Court, a Duel Over Definitions”
		Additional Writing Topics: Definition
	18 Argumentation-Persuasion
		What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?
		How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience
			Logos, or Soundness of the Argument
			Pathos, or the Emotional Power of Language
			Ethos, or Credibility and Reliability
			Analyzing Your Audience
		Prewriting Strategies
		Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay
		Revision Strategies
		Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
		Lydia Gumm, “It’s About Time, Augusta!”
			Commentary
		Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion
			Prewriting Activities
			Revising Activities
		Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion
		Anna Quindlen, “Driving to the Funeral”
		Mary Sherry, “In Praise of the ‘F’ Word”
		Debating the Issues: Gender-Based Education
		Gerry Garibaldi, “How the Schools
Shortchange Boys”
		Michael Kimmel, “A War Against Boys?”
		Debating the Issues: Government Regulation
to Help Control Obesity and Related
Diseases
		Mark Bittman, “What Causes Weight Gain”
		Sherzod Abdukadirov and Michael
Marlow, “Government Intervention Will
Not Solve Our Obesity Problem”
		Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion
Part IV The Research Essay
	19 Locating, Critically Evaluating, Analyzing, and Synthesizing Research Sources
		Plan the Research
			Understand the Essay’s Boundaries
			Choose a General Subject
			Prewrite to Limit the General Subject
			Understand Primary versus Secondary Research
			Conduct Preliminary Research
			Identify a Tentative (Working) Thesis
			Make a Schedule
		Conduct Primary Research
			Conduct Interviews
			Gather Information with Surveys
		Conduct Secondary Research
			Find Books on Your Subject
			Find Periodicals on Your Subject
			Find Sources on the Internet
			Know the Advantages and Limitations of the Library and the Web
		Prepare an Annotated Bibliography
			Record Information About the Source
		Critically Evaluate Sources
			Relevance
			Timeliness
			Seriousness of Approach
			Objectivity
		Analyze and Synthesize Source Material
			Analyzing Source Material
			Synthesizing Source Materials
		Use Quotation, Summary, and Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing
			Quotation
			Summary
			Paraphrase
			Avoiding Plagiarism
		Activities: Locating, Critically Evaluating,
Analyzing, and Synthesizing Research
Sources
	20 Writing the Research Essay
		Refine Your Working Thesis
		Revise Your Annotated Bibliography and Organize Any Additional Notes
		Organize the Evidence by Outlining
		Write the First Draft
		Integrate Sources into Your Writing
			Using Sources Effectively
			Awkward Use of a Quotation
			Effective Use of a Source
			Introducing a Source
			Using Variety in Attributions
			Shortening or Clarifying Quotations
			Capitalizing and Punctuating Short Quotations
			Presenting Statistics
		Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
			What Needs to Be Documented?
			What Does Not Need to Be Documented
		Creating In-Text References: MLA Format
		Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft
		Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format
			General Instructions for the MLA Works Cited List
			Citation Examples
		Prepare the References List: APA Format
			Parenthetic Citations in the Text
			General Instructions for the APA References List
			Citing Print Sources—Periodicals
			Citing Print Sources—Books
			Citing Sources Found on a Website
			Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
			Citing Other Common Sources
		Sample Student Research Essay MLA-Style Documentation
			MLA-Style Documentation
		Lydia Eileish Kelly, “MMORPGs: Creating a Culture of Inclusion”
			APA-Style Documentation
		Activities: Writing the Research Essay
Part V The Literary Essay
and Essay Exam
	21 Writing About Literature
		Elements of Literary Works
			Literary Terms
		How to Critically Read a Literary Work
			Read to Form a General Impression
			Ask Questions About the Work
			Reread and Annotate
			Modify Your Annotations
		Write the Literary Analysis
			Prewrite
			Identify Your Thesis
			Support the Thesis with Evidence
			Organize the Evidence
			Write the First Draft
			Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
			Edit and Proofread
		Pulling It All Together
			Read to Form a General Impression
		Katherine Mansfield, “Miss Brill”
		Student Essay
		Bella Clemmons, “At Least for a
While—Perhaps Forever”
			Commentary
		Additional Selections and Writing
Assignments
		Robert Frost, “Out, Out—”
		Kate Chopin, “The Story of an Hour”
	22 Writing Essay Exams
		Three Forms of Written Answers on Essay Exams
			Short Answers
			Paragraph-Length Answers
			Essay-Length Answers
		How to Prepare for Essay Exams
		Taking Essay Exams
			Survey the Entire Test
			Understand the Essay Question
			Write the Essay
			Sample Essay Answer
		Activity: Writing Essay Exams
Part VI A Concise Handbook
	Sentence Faults
		Fragments
			Phrase Fragments
			Dependent Clause Fragments
		Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences
			Three Common Pitfalls
		Faulty Parallelism
	Verbs
		Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement
		Problems with Verb Tense
	Pronouns
		Problems with Pronoun Use
			Pronoun Case
			Pronoun Agreement
			Pronoun Reference
	Modifiers
		Problems with Modification
			Misplaced and Ambiguous Modifiers
			Dangling Modifiers
	Punctuation
		Period (.)
		Question Mark (?)
		Exclamation Point (!)
		Comma (,)
		Semicolon (;)
		Colon (:)
		Quotation Marks (“ ”)
		Ellipsis (. . .)
		Apostrophe (’)
		Parentheses ( )
		Brackets [ ]
		Hyphen (-)
		Dash (—)
	Mechanics
		Capitalization
		Italics
		Numbers
		Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Index